Long-term Effects of a Lifestyle Intervention on Weight and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Intensive lifestyle intervention bagi penderita diabetes tipe 2 dalam jangka panjang dapat menurunkan berat badan, memperbaiki tingkat fitness, memperbaiki kontrol glikemik, dan menurunkan risiko kardiovaskuler

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Arch Intern Med 170(17):1566-1575, 27 September 2010 © 2010 to the American Medical Association
Long-term Effects of a Lifestyle Intervention on Weight and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-Four- Year Results of the Look AHEAD Trial. The Look AHEAD Research Group.

Background  Lifestyle interventions produce short-term improvements in glycemia and cardiovascular disease (CVD) riskfactors in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but no long-term data are available. We examined the effects of lifestyle intervention on changes in weight, fitness, and CVD risk factors during a 4-year study.
Methods  The Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) trial is a multicenter randomized clinical trial comparing theeffects of an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) and diabetes support and education (DSE; the control group) on the incidence of major CVD events in 5145 overweight or obese individuals (59.5% female; mean age, 58.7 years) with type 2 diabetes mellitus. More than 93% of participants provided outcomes data at each annual assessment.
Results  Averaged across 4 years, ILI participants had a greater percentage of weight loss than DSE participants (–6.15% vs –0.88%; P < .001) and greater improvements in treadmill fitness (12.74% vs 1.96%; P < .001), hemoglobin A1clevel (–0.36% vs –0.09%; P < .001), systolic (–5.33 vs –2.97 mm Hg; P < .001) and diastolic (–2.92 vs –2.48 mm Hg;P = .01) blood pressure, and levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.67 vs 1.97 mg/dL; P < .001) and triglycerides (–25.56 vs –19.75 mg/dL; P < .001). Reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were greater in DSE than ILI participants (–11.27 vs –12.84 mg/dL; P = .009) owing to greater use of medications to lower lipid levels in the DSE group. At 4 years, ILI participants maintained greater improvements than DSE participants in weight, fitness, hemoglobin A1c levels, systolic blood pressure, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.
Conclusions  Intensive lifestyle intervention can produce sustained weight loss and improvements in fitness, glycemiccontrol, and CVD risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Whether these differences in risk factors translate to reduction in CVD events will ultimately be addressed by the Look AHEAD trial.